Journal of Fertility and Reproductive Health

Cervical cancer

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Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide, primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus, and while most infections clear on their own, some can lead to abnormal cell growth in the cervix, eventually developing into cancer if left untreated. Other risk factors include smoking, a weakened immune system, long-term use of oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies, and a family history of cervical cancer.

Early detection is crucial, as cervical cancer is highly preventable and treatable in its early stages. Pap smears (Pap tests) and HPV testing are essential screening tools that help detect precancerous changes in cervical cells before they develop into cancer. The HPV vaccine is a highly effective preventive measure, protecting against the most dangerous strains of the virus and significantly reducing the risk of cervical cancer.

Symptoms of cervical cancer may not appear in the early stages but can include abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or post-menopause), pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and unusual vaginal discharge. If detected early, treatment options such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy can successfully manage or cure the disease. In advanced cases, targeted therapy and immunotherapy offer new hope for better outcomes.

Raising awareness about regular screening, HPV vaccination, and early symptoms is key to reducing cervical cancer cases and improving survival rates. With advancements in medical research, increasing global vaccination efforts, and access to better screening programs, cervical cancer can be significantly prevented and managed, ensuring better health outcomes for women worldwide.